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Early Modern Europe

The Scientific Revolution

  1. Introduction
  2. The Problem of the Planets
  3. Nicolai Copernicus
  4. The Copernican Theory
  5. Problems with the Copernican Theory
  6. Galileo Galilei
  7. The Telescope
  8. The Starry Messenger
  9. The Trial of Galileo
  10. Aftermath
  11. Remaining Problems
  12. Johannes Kepler
  13. Kepler's Laws
  14. Sir Isaac Newton
  15. Optics
  16. Gravity
  17. Acceptance of Newton

Supplemental Readings and Resources